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Material extraction and Synthesis of electrodic materials

10/10/2024

There is an undeclared competition for better, more efficient batteries which pushes researchers to continue developing new methods for extracting and synthesising electrodic materials.

Recovery of lithium as battery grade material

Lithium (Li) is a key component in batteries and scientists involved in the RHINOCEROS Project have been exploring ways to extract it from recycled materials from used batteries known as “black mass” (BM). But one of the challenges scientists are facing is the reduction of fluoride content in extracted Li. Researchers at KIT tested their mechanochemical process for extracting Li from various BM samples provided by partners ACC and TES. Their experiments engaging reactive milling coupled with various reactive agents aimed to reduce the fluoride content of the aqueous solution. These tests showed that using magnesium as a reactive agent yielded most promising results for Li extraction.

Progress in Lithium-Manganese battery materials and Advancements in Reduced Graphene Oxide production

Research team at Sapienza Univ. of Rome (UoS) has been making progress in developing lithium-manganese-rich materials for battery applications. These materials were produced using an integrated hydrometallurgical process, which includes the production of reduced graphene oxide and a co-precipitation method that leads to the formation of lithium-manganese-rich cathodes. The resulting cathode materials are currently undergoing extensive physicochemical and electrochemical characterizations.

For the synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, the researchers compared two methodologies and observed differences in productivity. These differences are now being investigated to determine whether they are influenced by the thermal pre-treatment of the graphite or by the role of metals present in different oxidation states. The use of mechano-chemically treated powder has demonstrated remarkable productivity, reaching approximately 80%.

Enhanced solvometallurgical processes

As evoked by its name, solvometallurgy uses solvents to extract metals. Researchers at TEC have been optimising the process, using additives as copper (Cu) or hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) when necessary, achieving a high recovery rate of >95%. However, the process also increased the dissolved Cu content, which required additional steps to reduce it. Researchers are now exploring methods like cementation or electrodeposition to recover and reuse the dissolved Cu. The deep eutectic solvents (DES) were already regenerated and reused, result which could bring a positive impact on the process sustainability assessment.

Direct recovery of battery materials

The Gas-Diffusion Electrocrystallisation (GDEx) technology allows the one-step recovery of metals and synthesis of new materials with high added value. In the framework of the RHINOCEROS project, the research team at VITO has been focusing on optimising the GDEx technology to achieve the selective recovery of nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and cobalt (Co), contained in leachates from black mass and achieved 90 % extraction of Ni, Mn and Co. This two-step GDEx process facilitated the removal of all the impurities such as Cu, Fe from the leachate solution. Using the GDEx process, VITO researchers have successfully synthesised Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) materials and spinel-type nanostructures from the synthetic solutions. The LDH materials were lithiated and LiNi_0.8Mn_0.1Co_0.1O₂ (LNMCO811) was synthesised, which could be used as a cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries (LiBs).  The results obtained with synthetic solutions portray the potential of the method to obtain relevant active cathode materials out of leachate solutions.

Recovery of materials from low concentration waste streams

Aiming towards a zero-waste strategy for the recovery of metals from battery refining waste waters, LEITAT is working on the development and evaluation of novel polymer inclusion membranes (PIM). PIMs are a type of liquid membrane in which the liquid phase, the extractant, is held within a polymeric network. The interest in these membranes has been growing exponentially over the past few years as an alternative separation technique to conventional solvent extraction.

During the previous six months, the team at LEITAT have been investigating two types of membranes that have shown high selectivity, recovering manganese (Mn) and cobalt (Co) from mixed metal solutions. In their future research, LEITAT will use these membranes in combination to ensure increased selectivity of targeted metals.

Optimising lithium carbonate recovery

Lithium carbonate(Li₂CO₃) is another critical material for batteries, and researchers at TEC and LEITAT are working to optimise its recovery from various solutions. This involves fine-tuning the conditions for Li₂CO₃ precipitation, including the influence of pH and the presence of other cations. Tests are currently conducted with both synthetic solutions and real leachates to ensure the effectiveness of the process. Additionally, efforts are underway to automate the recovery process, which includes assembling elements for pH monitoring and CO₂ bubbling systems.

Bringing innovations to market

To bring these innovations to market, researchers are preparing to scale up their processes. This involves a selective process based on data collection, life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost (LCC) analysis, to ensure the best technological routes are chosen to be further upscaled and meet the production demands.